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TIME: Almanac 1995
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<text id=91TT0559>
<title>
Mar. 18, 1991: No Fuel Like A New Fuel
</title>
<history>
TIME--The Weekly Newsmagazine--1991
Mar. 18, 1991 A Moment To Savor
</history>
<article>
<source>Time Magazine</source>
<hdr>
BUSINESS, Page 66
No Fuel Like A New Fuel
</hdr><body>
<p>Environmentalism and war spur a race for gasoline alternatives
</p>
<p> With its sleek, windswept contours, General Motors' two-seat
Impact looks like any number of trendy sports cars. But the
Impact is like no other vehicle on the road. It doesn't have
a gas tank. It uses little oil. And it gets 120 miles with each
fill-up. Miles ahead of its time, the Impact is an electric car
that runs on 32 10-volt batteries. Since it burns no fuel, no
tail pipes emit noxious fumes into the atmosphere. Though the
car is experimental, GM last week announced it would produce
it in a plant that can turn out 25,000 autos a year, signaling
the company's most ambitious venture yet in electric vehicles.
</p>
<p> With the Persian Gulf crisis as a fresh reminder that oil
supplies are uncertain, interest in alternative fuels for
vehicles is suddenly stronger than it has been in years. From
automakers to energy companies, the race to develop a clean and
dependable substitute for gasoline is in full gear. Chrysler
recently unveiled a battery-powered prototype of its popular
minivan. GM is experimenting with automobiles that run on
methanol, a form of alcohol that comes from such sources as
coal and wood. United Parcel Service recently tested delivery
trucks that burn propane rather than gasoline. Mercedes-Benz
has developed a prototype car that runs on hydrogen.
</p>
<p> Perhaps the most promising alternative is compressed natural
gas, or CNG. Although it yields lower mileage than gasoline,
CNG is 20% cheaper overall because it burns cleaner and causes
less wear on engine parts. The U.S. is virtually
self-sufficient in the fuel, supplying nearly 95% of its needs.
Modifying cars to run on CNG is much easier than adapting them
to electric power: through replacement of the carburetor and
fuel system, existing autos can be converted to burn CNG at a
cost of about $2,000. Carmakers can build CNG-fueled vehicles
from scratch without major retooling. GM plans to manufacture
about 1,000 pickup trucks that run on natural gas this spring,
its first such vehicles.
</p>
<p> Energy companies have been reluctant to invest in CNG
fueling facilities because there were no vehicles to use them.
Carmakers haven't built the vehicles because consumers wouldn't
buy a car they couldn't refuel. Only about 250 U.S. service
stations sell CNG (110,000 sell gasoline), but that could
change, believes John Watson of Mitchell Energy in Houston.
Says he: "The potential is great, but the people who will
invest to build the infrastructure have to be convinced it's a
winner. GM will be an impetus."
</p>
<p> The history of alternative fuels is spotty at best. After
the 1970s oil shocks, many auto and oil companies started
ambitious programs to develop domestic alternatives to
gasoline, but most of the projects withered as crude prices
declined. The driving force this time around -- new passion for
the environment -- may be more durable.
</p>
<p> Before CNG, electricity or hydrogen can be considered a
serious alternative to gasoline, the driving public must be won
over. That job may seem tough, says Wall Street energy analyst
Charles Earle. But take heart. Back when cars were powered by
coal-fired steam boilers, he points out, people "once thought
it wasn't possible for cars to run on gasoline either."
</p>
<p>By Thomas McCarroll. Reported by Joe Szczesny/Detroit and
Richard Woodbury/Houston.
</p>
<p>
EASING GAS PAINS
</p>
<p> Natural Gas
</p>
<p> Compressed natural gas is for now the most practical
alternative to gasoline. It is abundant and price competitive;
cars need not be radically modified to use it.
</p>
<p> Hydrogen
</p>
<p> Hydrogen is the cleanest but most expensive substitute
liquid fuel. Because of its cost it is probably not a feasible
alternative until sometime in the next century.
</p>
<p> Electricity
</p>
<p> Electric-powered vehicles may be best for the environment,
but they won't be feasible until the batteries weigh less and
the vehicles' range and speed are greater. The needed research
should take a decade.
</p>
</body></article>
</text>